Metronomic chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer?

Despite the incidence for women older than 70 years being 33%, they are usually excluded from screening schedules and clinical trials. Furthermore, about 15% of breast cancers in older patients are of the triple-negative subtype (TNBC), which is known to be an aggressive histological subtype with very limited treatment options available, and associated with a very poor prognosis [1]. Indeed, the clinical management of elderly frail patients with TNBC can be complex and different from all the other breast cancer subtypes. Age-related factors such as comorbidities, deterioration of cognitive function, possible impairment in organ function and the concomitant use of other drugs, must be carefully assessed to avoid or minimize toxicity risks. In this context, low dose metronomic chemotherapy might represent a promising therapeutic option for elderly TNBC women [1]. Metronomic chemotherapy refers to the close, regular administration of conventional chemotherapy drugs at low, minimally toxic doses, with no prolonged break periods [2]. It has been shown to have an important stabilizing effect on cancer growth (including chemotherapy-resistant disease), to sometimes confer prolonged clinical benefits, and to have positive effects on the quality of life of patients with different types of cancer, by avoiding severe toxicities [3]. Moreover, the lower cost-when compared with the most standard chemotherapy regimens-and the oral administration (which reduces the need for hospitalization and enables patients to stay at home longer) are key characteristics of metronomic chemotherapy schedules, offering important advantages, especially for frail elderly patients with TNBC, for whom new therapeutic options are greatly needed. Quality of life benefits, oral administration of drugs and the possibility of spending more time at home are important characteristics of palliative treatments, as well as for maintenance or adjuvant therapies. Although, there are few clinical trials of metronomic therapy for elderly patients with breast cancer [1], the interest in assessing low-dose metronomic chemotherapy regimens in the clinic has been stimulated by the availability of a number of commercially available p.o. chemotherapy drugs, such as capecitabine, cyclophosphamide and vinorelbine. As Editorial an example, metronomic oral vinorelbine was investigated in at least two phase II trials resulting in good tolerability and safety profile in this elderly population with a satisfactory patient adherence to therapy [1]. Recently, a new preclinical schedule of metronomic topotecan combined with an antiangiogenic agent such as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (i.e. pazopanib) was found to cause significant enhancement of antitumor efficacy of the therapy, accompanied by low …